Son Of David; Son Of God

There is some debate about the exact timing of the events recorded here in Mark chapter 12.

Mark 12 · chapter mention

But one of the things that we are certain of is that these discussions that Jesus is having here

between these different groups of religious leaders took place somewhere between 24 and 48 hours

prior to the Passover celebration in Jerusalem.

And we've talked about this a little bit in the build-up through these last couple of chapters

at the busyness that would have been the city of Jerusalem at that time.

You remember maybe some weeks ago we talked about an early historian, Jewish historian,

had talked about just a few years after this about two and a half million people had gathered in Jerusalem

for the Passover celebration.

So you can just imagine in old city Jerusalem, not the metropolis that it is now,

but old city Jerusalem, you can imagine just hordes of people,

the busyness that comes along really even around the temple

with the events leading up to the Passover celebration

and the Feast of Unleavened Bread that would follow thereafter.

And in the midst of all of that, there's no question that the gospel authors intended for us to understand

this section of Jesus' life and teaching in light of the Passover itself,

in light of the theological significance of what the Passover was in the Old Testament

and for the Jews and what that was going to mean in regards to Jesus' life and his death and his resurrection.

But I'm certain that during this Passover week,

thoughts of the Messiah would have been ever present in the minds

and in the conversations of the people in Jerusalem.

It just makes sense, right?

The point of the Passover is to reflect on the Exodus coming out of Egypt, right?

They're reflecting on the goodness of God in that Exodus

and then in the midst of that, they are anticipating another Exodus.

They're anticipating a Messiah who will come and rescue them in their minds

from Roman oppression in the same way that God had delivered the nation out of Egyptian oppression so many years before.

For this particular Passover week, the presence of Jesus in Jerusalem

certainly would have tremendously heightened this awareness of Messianic prophecy and expectation.

So it makes perfect sense then that Jesus would teach a lesson on the identity and purpose of the Christ,

which is exactly what verses 35 to 37 are.

He's asking questions in order that he might get the people to consider

or perhaps reconsider their thoughts about the Messiah and his purpose.

So the religious leaders have taken their turns at trying to trap Jesus in his words,

but his responses to their, quote, unanswerable questions are not only adequate, they're profound.

So that we read in our last passage that no one dared ask him another question.

And so Jesus turns the tables now.

He asks a question of his own, a question as far as the New Testament records are concerned,

were unanswered by the people in the crowd.

Using the Bible, Jesus challenged the errant assumptions about the Messiah that were so common in Israel,

and he was leading them to examine his true identity.

Now, do you remember Mark's purpose in writing this gospel?

All the way back in the very first verse of chapter one,

what does Mark say his intent is?

His aim is to proclaim the good news that Jesus of Nazareth is the Messiah and the Son of God.

And everything that follows in Mark's gospel is serving that purpose.

Now we get to these three verses here.

And in a public forum in the midst of the temple area in Jerusalem,

Jesus takes on that same aim.

That's what these verses are doing.

Jesus is proclaiming the good news that he is the Messiah and the Son of God.

He's the Son of David.

He's the Son of God.

And I want to show you as we work through these verses that the Lord's questions here, rhetorical as they were,

were a matter of interpretation.

They're a matter of inspiration.

And then they're a matter of identification.

And my prayer is that we'll all come to hear him as gladly as the crowd heard him there in verse 37.

First, let's see a matter of interpretation.

A matter of interpretation.

Look with me at verse 35 again.

Jesus taught in the temple.

He said,

How can the scribes say that the Christ is the Son of David?

That's the initial question.

Now, there's a lot of scribes around.

And Jesus is going to keep dealing with scribes as he goes on even beyond this conversation.

But as the midst of this great crowd that is gathered with him in the temple,

his first question is,

How can these fellows over here, your experts,

how can they say that Jesus, or not Jesus, but the Christ is the Son of David?

And just in case there may be anyone who is a little confused by that language,

let me just take a quick minute to refresh us on what we mean when we use this term Messiah.

Okay?

It starts all the way back in Genesis.

Right?

Genesis 3 records the very first sin committed by the very first people God created.

We know their names, Adam and Eve.

Because God is holy,

He has to judge sin.

And Adam's disobedience to the Lord in the garden

plunges the created world,

God's created world,

into and underneath

the wrath of God's judgment,

the curse of God's judgment.

That's what's happening in Genesis 3.

And the pinnacle of that judgment

is what?

Death.

That's the pinnacle of it.

There's lots of things related to the curse,

but it all eventually leads to the reality of and the certainty of death.

But while God is proclaiming those consequences in Genesis chapter 3,

Genesis 3 · chapter mention

He tucks in this promise.

This promise that He would, at some point,

send a Savior,

who would, as the Bible goes on to explain,

would defeat death

and would restore creation

to God's intended purpose.

God is saying,

and in His patience,

and in His long-suffering,

God allows man

to continue to exist.

Have you ever considered that?

God told Adam and Eve

one thing not to do.

And He said,

In the day that you eat of the tree,

you shall surely die.

And the day that they ate of it,

it would have been perfectly just

and within

the rightness

and righteousness of God

to do away with Adam and Eve

and to take away their lives

immediately in that moment.

But in His patience and long-suffering,

He continues to allow them to live

in a cursed world,

but they live.

That's a part of God's grace

coming through even from the very beginning.

And God has allowed

mankind to continue to exist

ever since.

But then He made

all of these different promises

at different points in history.

Covenants

He makes with His people.

each one

building on the other,

explaining how He is going

to send this Savior,

how He is going to provide

this redemption,

how He is going to make things right,

and He's going to set the course

of the world

back to its intended purpose.

And this coming Savior

that the Bible continues to speak of,

that's what we mean,

that's who we're referring to

when we use words like

Messiah and Lord

and Christ.

And those covenants

were provided through God's people,

His chosen nation, Israel,

which is why the Jews

are so significantly concerned

about this particular topic.

And so Jesus' question

in verse 35

is a direct challenge

to their interpretation

of the identity

and purpose

of this Savior.

That's what's happening.

That's the backdrop

to all of this.

They have this mindset

of who this Savior will be,

what He will be like,

and what He will do.

And what Jesus is doing

with this question

is He's challenging

that interpretation

that they have,

specifically as it relates

to a title,

Son of David.

The Son of David

is a common title

used by the Jews

to refer to this

Messianic figure.

And it's actually rooted

in one of those covenants.

2 Samuel chapter 7.

2 Samuel 7 · chapter mention

I think I may actually have this

on the screen for you to see.

2 Samuel chapter 7.

2 Samuel 7 · chapter mention

God says this to David.

When your days are fulfilled

and you lie down

with your fathers,

I will raise up

your offspring after you.

Offspring there is singular.

I will raise up

your offspring after you

who shall come from your body

and I will establish

His kingdom.

He shall build a house

for my name

and I will establish

the throne of His kingdom

forever.

A covenant made with David.

I am bringing one

from your lineage.

This Messiah,

this Savior,

He's going to build

a house for me forever.

When we get to the New Testament

we find out

that's a house

not made with hands.

That's a people

that God is redeeming

for His glory

and for His purpose

as the church of Christ.

Now that may not seem

like very significant to us,

a promise made to David

so many thousands

of years ago.

But this fact

of a Davidic Messiah

is echoed

over and over

and over

in the Old Testament.

Especially in the Psalms

and in the prophets.

And I want to show you

a few passages about this.

Psalm 89 verses 3 and 4.

Psalms 89:3

You have said,

I have made a covenant

with my chosen one.

I have sworn to David

my servant.

I will establish

your offspring forever

and build your throne

for all generations.

David echoes the covenant.

Isaiah chapter 9.

Isaiah 9 · chapter mention

We usually quote this

at Christmas

but think about these words.

For unto us

a child is born.

To us a son is given.

The government shall be

upon His shoulder.

His name shall be called

Wonderful Counselor,

Mighty God,

Everlasting Father,

Prince of Peace.

Of the increase

of His government

and of peace

there will be no end.

On the throne of David

and over His kingdom

to establish it

and to uphold it

with justice

and with righteousness

from this time forth

and forevermore.

The zeal of the Lord of hosts.

will do this thing.

Jeremiah chapter 23.

Jeremiah 23 · chapter mention

Behold,

the days are coming

declares the Lord

when I will raise up

for David

a righteous branch.

Notice branch

is capitalized

in our Bibles

because that's a reference

to this messianic figure.

I will raise up

for David

a righteous branch.

He shall reign

as king

and deal wisely

and shall execute

justice

and righteousness

in the land.

in His days

Judah

will be saved.

Israel

will dwell

securely

and this is the name

by which He will be called.

The Lord

is our

righteousness.

Have you ever wondered

why the Old Testament

is so concerned

with all of those

genealogies?

You ever get on your

one year Bible reading

program

and you get

just a little ways

into it

probably around

this time of year

and you start

hitting those genealogies

and you're like

why in the world

does God want me

to read this?

Why in the world?

That's not about

simple historical records.

That's not why

that's there.

Do you know

what they're for?

They're tracking

the promise of God.

They're tracking

the covenants

of God.

As they recorded

the lineage of David

they're showing

that God's promise

is reliable

and they're showing

that God's promise

is active

and it all comes back

to this covenant

this Davidic Messiah

that God is going

to send

to redeem

His people.

We could go to

many more passages

but my point

is to show you

that there's a really

good reason

why

Son of David

became a prevalent

messianic title

in the time

of Jesus.

Remember in chapter 10

blind Bartimaeus

what is it

that he yells for

as Jesus walks by?

Jesus

Son of

David

Messiah

Lord

So what's Jesus

getting at

with this question then?

Notice back

in verse 35

what is it

that he asks?

How is it

that the scribes

can say

that the Christ

is the

Son of David?

Well we just went

to a bunch

of passages

that show

exactly

why they

could say

that the Messiah

is the

Son of David

so what's Jesus

getting at here?

Is he denying

that the Messiah

is David's son

that he will come

from David's line?

No.

Matthew's account

I think helps us

understand what's

happening here

just a little bit better.

Matthew chapter 22

Matthew 22 · chapter mention

he writes

now while the Pharisees

were gathered together

Jesus asked them

a question

saying

what do you think

about the Christ?

Whose son is he?

And here's how

they answer

they said to him

the Son of David

now remember

the common belief

among the Jews

was that the Christ

the Messiah

would be a political

and military figure

whose purpose

was to deliver

Israel from Rome

that was their mind

that's what they thought

he was going to do

they thought of him

only as a human

authority

with an earthly

purpose

when they said

the Christ

is David's

son

they meant

he was nothing

more

than David's

son

and this is the idea

that Jesus is challenging

in verse 35

he's not challenging

the title

he's not challenging

the fact

that he was indeed

from the line of David

he's challenging

the mindset

of the people

that says

that the Christ

is nothing more

than the son of David

he's nothing more

than an earthly king

that will come

and will rule

on this

earth

he didn't deny

that

he was the son of David

he insisted

that he was more

than that

he insisted

that he was more

than just a political

savior

and James Edwards

frames it this way

and I think

this is helpful

Jesus invites

the temple audience

to reconsider

whether son of David

is conceptually

adequate

to explain

the Messiah

is the son of David

conceptually adequate

let me explain

the modern equivalent

to this

modern equivalent

is when people

say

Jesus

is

nothing more

than a great

teacher

he is a moral

example

to us

he is an amazing

miracle

worker

and when we

challenge

that thought

in our culture

we're not denying

that Jesus

is indeed

those things

what we're saying

is Jesus

is more

than just

those things

he is more

than just

a good teacher

he is more

than just

a moral

example

he is more

than just

a miracle

worker

he's more

than just

a religious

leader

he's the

son of God

he's the

savior of the

world

he's the

lord

of all that

is

and to

estimate him

as anything

less than

that

is wrong

and it

misses the

point

altogether

and that's

essentially

what is

happening

with the

Jews

in general

and especially

the scribes

what Jesus

is challenging

is the fact

that the scribes

refer to the

Messiah

as the

son of

David

and it's

not that

it isn't

true

it's just

that it's

not

conceptually

adequate

to communicate

all that

the Messiah

is

and does

so Jesus

challenges

their

interpretation

and keep

in mind

he's stirring

up these

conversations

about the

Christ

within two

days

of his

own

crucifixion

and what

would be

the purpose

in that

he's not

only

identifying

reframing

their minds

about what

the Christ

is

he's going

to demonstrate

what the

Christ was

meant to

do

within 48

hours of

this moment

he's going

to show

them

matter of

interpretation

number two

it's a matter

of inspiration

a matter

of

inspiration

look with me

at verse 36

now

David himself

in the Holy

Spirit

declared

the Lord

said to my

Lord

sit at my

right hand

until I put

your enemies

under your

feet

so to make

his point

Jesus

quoted the

first verse

of Psalm

110

which is

quoted more

than any

other

Psalm

any

other

Old

Testament

passage

for that

matter

in all

of the

New

Testament

now why

would you

think that

so

Jesus'

argument

with the

scribes

here

is so

strong

that the

apostles

followed

the Lord

and they

quote

this Psalm

or allude

to this

Psalm

33

times

in the

New

Testament

more than

any

other

Old

Testament

passage

you'll

find it

not only

in the

Gospels

you'll

find it

in Acts

you'll

find it

in Paul's

letters

you'll

find it

in Peter's

letters

you'll

find it

in the

book of

Hebrews

as well

so let's

look at it

and see

why it's

so significant

there's two

things about

this Psalm

that Jesus

and the

scribes

agreed

about

first thing

is this

they agreed

that the

Psalm

was referring

to the

coming

Messiah

they agreed

about that

in fact

why don't

you just

turn back

there with

me

let's

go to

Psalm

110

in your

Bible

and I'm

not going

to read

the whole

thing

I'm going

to leave

that to

you

in your

own time

but I want

you to see

exactly what

they're referring

to here

Psalm

110

this

this

Psalm

and maybe

you'll

maybe you'll

you'll skim

it as I'm

even talking

here for

just a

moment

this Psalm

is it

it's an

amazing

description

of

Christ

eternal

rule

as

prophet

priest

and king

and it's

this very

first verse

that Jesus

quotes

look at it

with me

a Psalm

of David

the Lord

says to

my Lord

sit at

my right

hand

until I

make your

enemies

your footstool

now stay

there in

Psalm

110

we're going

to reference

back to

that particular

verse and

the way it

looks in

your Bible

here in

just a

moment

it's an

amazing

description

of Christ

eternal

rule

and that's

something

that the

scribes

agreed

with

historically

this

Psalm

was

sung

as a

coronation

hymn

when Israel

would have

a new

king

and they

didn't sing

that at the

coronation

of Israel's

kings

because they

thought that

king was

the fulfillment

of this

Psalm

that's not

why they

sang it

they sang

it because

they believed

that the

role of

king in

Israel

was a

type of

the king

the great

king

who was

to come

from the

line

of David

whose

throne

would be

established

forever

based on

the covenant

of God

all rabbinical

teaching that

we can find

historically

about Psalm

110

up to the

time of

Jesus

affirms

that this

is a

messianic

psalm

it was only

after the

time of

the apostles

that the

leaders in

Judaism

conveniently

denounced

it as such

and decided

this is no

longer

about this

coming

Messiah

this has

something

specifically

to do

with David

but everything

going up

to the

time of

Jesus

and during

the time

of the

apostles

the Jews

recognized

this psalm

as messianic

so they're

agreeing about

those things

okay

that's important

for us to

understand

I'll explain

why in a

moment

number two

they agreed

on the

doctrine of

inspiration

they agreed

on the

doctrine of

inspiration

back in

Mark chapter

Mark 2 · chapter mention

2

in verse

35

Jesus

says

David

himself

says

in

the

Holy

Spirit

and then

he quotes

the verse

or if you

like

by

the

Holy

Spirit

affirming

the fact

that

Psalm

110

was a

work

of

inspiration

from

the

mouth

of

God

now

remember

when we

say

that

the

Holy

Spirit

inspired

David

we

don't

mean

that

he

inspired

him

in

the

same

way

that

an

artist

is

inspired

by

a

beautiful

mountainous

scene

okay

we don't

mean

that

we don't

mean

in the

same

way

that

a

child

is

inspired

by

their

teacher

to

do

something

with

their

lives

that

is

helpful

to

the

community

that's

that's

not

what

we

mean

by

inspiration

the

word

we

use

inspiration

comes

from

a

word

that

means

breathed

out

most

notably

you'll

find

this

in

one

of

Timothy's

letters

1st

Timothy

316

or

2nd

Timothy

316

Paul

says

all

scripture

is

breathed

out

all

scripture

is

by

inspiration

of

God

and

it's

profitable

and

he

goes

on

to

list

how

it's

profitable

this

is

what

we

mean

by

inspiration

it

means

that

the

words

of

the

Bible

are

literally

the

words

of

God

who

cannot

lie

Jesus

didn't

mean

that

upon

thinking

about

the

things

of

God

David

was

inspired

in

his

imagination

to

write

this

psalm

in

the

way

that

he

thought

things

might

unfold

that's

not

what

Jesus

means

he

means

that

the

Holy

Spirit

of

God

spoke

these

words

through

the

pen

of

David

so

that

David's

words

were

God's

words

that's

a

Christian

understanding

of

inspiration

okay

an

understanding

of

inspiration

that

the

scribes

that

Jesus

was

speaking

to

in

the

temple

agreed

with

they

were

in

agreement

about

that

Psalm

110

is

messianic

it

is

also

inspired

by

God

it

is

God's

words

which

means

that

it

is

truth

so

what's

the

point

look

at the

verse

you're

there

in

Psalm

110

look at

the

verse

we have

in

English

the word

Lord

twice

do you

notice

anything

different

about that

in your

Bible

in the

first one

most likely

in your

Bible

all four

letters

are

capitalized

in the

second one

it's not

just the

first letters

capitalized

anytime you

see all

four letters

capitalized

with Lord

it means

that the

name that

was used

in Hebrew

was Yahweh

the covenant

name of

God

that's the

high and

holy name

that's the

name that

that God

gave Moses

at the

burning bush

when when

Moses says

who should I

tell them sent

me what is

your name

and God

says I

am that

I am

I am the

self-existent

one

I am the

only God

I am

Yahweh

Jehovah

we say

sometimes

okay that's

the first

Lord

second Lord

is not

Yahweh

second Lord

is Adonai

Adonai

this word

is used

450 times

in the

Old Testament

almost

exclusively

in relation

to God

but they

used it

to relate

to this

messianic

figure

this Lord

this

master

Adonai

with the

implication

of deity

now that's

important

in other words

under the

inspiration

of the

Holy Spirit

David wrote

that the

Messiah

was not

merely someone

who would

come after

him

but is

someone who

has

preceded

him

under the

inspiration

of the

Holy Spirit

David himself

did not

recognize the

Christ as

simply his

future

offspring

but he

acknowledged

him as

his present

Lord

and Master

and God

and to

David

this Messiah

was before

him

and was

greater

than him

and his

perspective

was not

one of

future

hope

but of

present

worship

and praise

the Lord

Yahweh

has said

to my

Lord

this messianic

figure that's

supposed to

come from

my line

David is

calling him

Lord

and Savior

and God

he does not

only come

after him

he comes

before him

in David's

words

I'm reminded

of a song

it's a newer

song by

Matt

Papa

and Matt

Boswell

called

Christ the

True and

Better

and the

last verse

refers to

this thing

Christ the

true and

better

David

lowly

shepherd

mighty

king

he the

champion

in the

battle

where

oh death

is now

thy sting

in our

place

he bled

and conquered

crown him

Lord of

majesty

he shall

be the

throne

forever

we shall

heir his

people

be

and this

is a

matter of

inspiration

because what

God says

about the

Christ

is far

more important

than what

our opinions

about the

Christ are

and that's

the purpose

of Jesus

his challenge

it doesn't

matter what

the reigning

experts think

about the

things of

God

what matters

is what

God has

revealed about

himself

in the

inerrant

infallible

inspired

word of

God

that's what

matters

and Jesus

is insisting

on that

once again

how can

the scribe

say he's

David's

son

David

himself

calls him

Lord

it's a matter

of interpretation

it's a matter

of inspiration

finally

it's a matter

of identification

identification

identification

verse 37

if you're back

and go back

to Mark

Mark 12 · chapter mention

chapter 12

now

verse 37

David himself

calls him

Lord

how is he

his son

David himself

calls him

Lord

how is he

his son

so Jesus

forces the

people

to reevaluate

their position

and he's

essentially

asking this

question

how can

the Christ

be David's

son

and

David's

Lord

how is that

even possible

again

Jesus isn't

denying the

fact

that the

Messiah

would come

from David's

lineage

remember

all of this

began with

the scribe's

answer

insisting

that the

Christ

was only

the son

of David

and Jesus

is now

using the

scripture

inspired by

God

to prove

that the

Messiah

was

indeed

both

son

of David

and his

Lord

but how

is it

possible

there's only

one way

that's

possible

this

Messiah

must be

a divine

human

being

the only

way for

the Christ

to fulfill

the scriptures

requirements

for the

Messiah

he had

to be

both

divine

and

human

he was

not only

David's

son

he was

God's

son

co-equal

co-eternal

with God

the Father

think about

the Messiah's

role for

just a

moment

the Jews

thought of

him as a

human

ruler

he was

going to

deliver the

nation

from the

oppression

of Rome

but God

doesn't need

a Messiah

to deliver

a nation

he doesn't

need a

Messiah

to do

that

think about

the Old

Testament

examples

where God

delivered the

nation of

Israel

without a

prominent

figure

think about

even coming

out of

Egypt

all Moses

was was a

spokesman

God

delivers those

people

remember in

Isaiah the

story of

Sennacherib

hundreds of

thousands of

soldiers are

camped out

near Jerusalem

and the

king of

Jerusalem

of Judah

goes and

he prays to

God and

he lays out

the letter

the criticisms

from Sennacherib

and he prays

and says Lord

the only way

that anything

happens with

this is if you

do it and

they go out

the next

morning they

find that all

the soldiers

are dead

in the middle

of the night

God kills

them

God doesn't

need a

Messiah to

deliver an

earthly nation

from another

earthly nation

but to deliver

his people from

sin and death

however

God

required a

Savior

and it

required one

who was not

only human

but divine

so the Jews

misunderstood the

Messiah's purpose

so that they

failed to

understand his

identity as

well

so Jesus

was working

it backwards

he's teaching

them about his

true identity

so that after his

death and

resurrection

they could

understand his

true purpose

because he

Jesus of

Nazareth

is this

divine human

Messiah about

which David

wrote

he perfectly

fulfilled all

of those covenant

promises and

prophecies written

in the Old

Testament and

this is the

message of the

Bible that

Jesus is the

son of David

and the son

of God

this is Mark's

purpose in

writing this

Jesus of

Nazareth the

good news is

that he is the

Messiah and

the son of

God

Jesus' purpose

in verses

35-37 is to

say he is not

only David's

son he is

God's son which

makes only him

capable of

delivering and

bringing salvation

let me give you a

few more verses

about this

remember those

genealogies we

talked about

earlier

Matthew starts

with one at the

very beginning of

the New

Testament

why

he's showing

that in this

genealogy of

David's line

it leads all

the way up to

this backwater area

in Nazareth

with Joseph and

Mary and where

Jesus is born

Jesus is in this

line that's its

purpose

then we see in

Romans chapter

one

Paul says

concerning his

son who was

descended from

David according to

the flesh and was

declared to be the

son of God in

power according to

the spirit of

holiness by his

resurrection from

the dead Jesus

Christ our Lord

you know why you

need to work hard

at bringing someone

to Easter service

Sunday resurrection

Sunday because they

need to hear that

without the

resurrection none of

this means anything

the thing that makes

us know that Jesus

is the Messiah is

the fact of his

resurrection the

thing that first

tells us and proves

to us that this

Bible is inerrant

that it is true is

the fact of Jesus's

resurrection and

that's what Paul's

saying concerning his

son he came from the

line of David but he

was also declared to

be God's son in power

through the resurrection

from the dead

Galatians chapter

four when the

fullness of time had

come God sent forth

his son born of

woman born under the

law to redeem those

who were under the

law so that we

might receive adoption

as sons Philippians

2 is my favorite

one verse 6 though

he was in the form

of God in other

words he was God he

did not count equality

with God a thing to

be grasped but he

emptied himself by

taking on the form of

a servant being born

in the likeness of

men and being found in

human form he humbled

himself became obedient

to the point of death

even death on a cross

therefore God has highly

exalted him and bestowed

on him the name that is

above every name so that

the name of Jesus every

knee should bow in heaven

and earth and under the

earth and every tongue

confess that Jesus Christ

is Lord to the glory of

God the Father you know

what that sounds like to

me that sounds like an

eternal throne that will

never be diminished in any

way that's the covenant

made to David that's

applied to Jesus of

Nazareth the Son of God

Hebrews 1 long ago at

many times and in many

ways God spoke to our

fathers by the prophets

but in these last days he

has spoken to us by his

son he's appointed him

heir of all things through

whom also he created the