Sermon
A Swarm of Demons
Publisher transcript
Transcript
-
Revelation chapter 8. We will see how far we will get tonight. We will definitely get
Revelation 8 chapter mention
-
into chapter 9. I know that for a fact. We will probably make it through verse 6, but
-
we will see. So Revelation chapter 8, we are continuing with this study. You remember that
Revelation 8 chapter mention
-
last week we started talking about the 7 trumpets and we were beginning to look at the first
-
4 trumpets last week and we saw how the first 4 trumpets correspond to the plagues in Egypt.
-
We were noticing how the effects of the trumpets being blown can be seen in our world today.
-
But as noted, we have noted this many times that as history continues to progress and
-
we get closer and closer to the end, these judgments, the effects of the judgments are
-
going to begin to intensify. So this gradual intensification that leads all the way to
-
the end. And I think that's why there is a very clear break between the first 4 trumpets
-
and the last 3 trumpets. Because notice that last week we ended with the 4 trumpets in
-
verse 12 of chapter 8 and then verse 13, it marks this shift that is going to begin the
-
intensification. So look at verse 13, this is what it says. Then I looked and I heard
-
an eagle crying with a loud voice as it flew directly overhead. Whoa, whoa, whoa to those
-
who dwell on the earth at the blast of the other trumpets that the 3 angels are about
-
to blow. Now I want you to notice that warning there. Notice that whoa is repeated 3 times.
-
I mean that itself is an intensification. The angels in heaven declare that God is
-
holy, holy, holy. I mean that's to show that He is perfectly holy and now you have about
-
the judgments, whoa, whoa, whoa. These are bad. I mean it's like this voice is calling
-
out saying, hey you thought the first 4 trumpets were bad. You thought, oh that sounded scary.
-
Just wait until you see what's about to happen. And most of this chapter, most of chapter
-
9 is spent describing the 5th trumpet and the effects of the 5th trumpet. And it's going
-
to describe this locust army which is going to be very interesting. It's a locust army
-
that wreaks havoc upon the earth and you need to understand that there are two key Old Testament
-
passages that serve as a background to this passage. The first is going to be Exodus and
-
it's going to be chapter 10 verses 1 through 20. We don't have time to read all these
-
verses but that's the first background to this passage. Exodus chapter 10 verses 1 through
-
20 and it's the 8th plague upon Egypt which was the plague of locusts. Now I'm going to
-
read verses 14 through 15 of Exodus 10 just to give you an idea. It says the locusts came
-
up over all the land of Egypt and settled on the whole country of Egypt. Such a dense
-
swarm of locusts has never been seen before nor will ever be again. They covered the face
-
of the whole land so that the land was darkened and they ate all the plants in the land and
-
all the fruit of the trees that the hell had left. Not a green thing remained, neither
-
tree nor plant of the field, through all the land of Egypt. So that's going to be a key
-
background passage for understanding what's going on here. The other one is found in Joel
Joel 2 chapter mention
-
chapter 2. That also, that chapter describes a locust army that comes to wreak havoc upon
-
the earth. And what we need to know going into Revelation chapter 9 is that there's
Revelation 9 chapter mention
-
a lot of symbolism going on here. I mean the whole thing. Revelation is just full of symbols
-
and pictures and imagery but this is a very symbolic chapter and we're going to get into
-
the details but I want us to focus on the big picture. We've been saying this like it's
-
easy to get called up in all the little details and appreciate the bark on the tree but you
-
got to take a step back and admire the forest too. And the whole point of this, so if we're
-
just trying to get out of the details and focus on the big picture, the big picture
-
that you have to focus on is the effects that the locust army have on the earth. So whatever
-
the locusts are, whatever they mean, whatever their face is and all this other kind of stuff
-
all the little details, the point is the effects that they have on the earth. So we will get
-
into the details and we're going to start with verses 1 and 2. And the fifth angel blue
-
is trumpet and I saw a star falling from heaven to earth and he was given the key to the shaft
-
of the bottomless pit or the abyss and he opened the shaft of the bottomless pit and
-
from the shaft rose smoke like the smoke of a great furnace and the sun and the air were
-
darkened and the smoke from the, with the smoke from the shaft. Now that's about as
-
far as we can get for now because there's already a bunch to talk about. So notice first
-
we have a fallen star. Anything interesting about this fallen star that you see there
-
in the first two verses? Yes. Yeah, it says he rather than it. So this fallen star is
-
either an angel that's coming down from heaven to open the abyss or the bottomless pit after
-
receiving a key from God or it's some sort of demon who has been placed in charge of
-
the abyss or the bottomless pit or it is Satan himself who is in charge of the bottomless
-
pit, the abyss. And so we have to decide, well, which one is it? You know, we've got
-
three options here. Which one is it? As you can imagine, all scholars agree on this. So
-
there's no debate, right? That's revelation. Of course there's debate. Nobody agrees 100%
-
on this, but I do think it's most likely a reference to Satan because this echoes another
-
passage in Scripture. Did this sound familiar to you at all when Jesus says these things?
-
Did it sound familiar? Luke chapter 10 verse 18, if you want to just reference that, that's
-
Luke 10, 18. And the Bible says this is Jesus talking. He said, I saw Satan fall like lightning
-
from heaven. Now in that passage, that's when the 72 are returning and Jesus is saying because
-
of his disciples presence in the world and because of their ministry efforts, because
-
of their evangelistic efforts, he sees Satan having a great defeat. Basically Satan's power
-
and authority had been undermined. It was like he was fallen from heaven like lightning
-
because of what Jesus and his disciples were doing in the world. Well here, it's a little
-
different. It's referring to a fallen star, which is most likely Satan and his presence
-
on earth because notice John does not see the star as it's in the process of falling.
-
He just sees it after it has fallen, right? He sees a fallen star and it also makes sense
-
that this would be Satan because we learn later in this passage, in the same passage,
-
that this angel is called the angel of the bottomless pit has a name that corresponds
-
with the name of Satan. He is called Apollon. He is also called Abaddon, which both of those
-
is Greek and Hebrew just means destroyer. It's best to view this as Satan. We kind of
-
have ourselves a situation here like that of the book of Job. You remember what was
-
happening in the first part of the book of Job? God calls all his angels, Satan comes
-
and God's like, hey, have you seen Job? He's great. Love that guy. He is awesome. Satan's
-
like, well, yeah, because you've blessed him so much. Just take some of that stuff away
-
and then see what he does. God grants Satan permission to go and torment Job but not kill
-
him. Remember that. He specifically said, do whatever you want to him, but don't kill
-
him. Here we have a very similar situation where God is granting Satan. Notice he has
-
to receive the key from God. He doesn't just own that on his own. Satan has no power and
-
no authority except that which is given to him by God. He's not equal. People think that
-
Christianity is this dualistic. We just have these competing forces of God versus the devil.
-
It's not like that. It's always just God and the devil's running around trying to cause
-
trouble but it's not a real battle at all. It's like when Ezra tries to hit me and I'm
-
like, now if I ever find out that you hit me, it's just a little thing. There's no battle
-
there, right? That's God and Satan. So Satan has no power, no authority except that which
-
God gives to him. So God grants him this key, allows him to open the bottomless pit or the
-
abyss and stuff is going to happen. He is going to release this army. Before we move
-
on from there, it's important for you to remember that the bottomless pit or the abyss, whatever
-
your translation says, it's not hell. You all remember that? Hell is never referred to
-
in that way in the Bible. Hell is the lake of fire and all that kind of stuff but the
-
bottomless pit or the abyss, it's the realm of the demonic. That's all it is. It's the
-
demonic realm. It's the place where demons are confined until they are released into
-
the earth and it's the place from which the demonic come. Now obviously they were angels
-
at one point who have fallen but they are now kept in this abyss until they are released
-
into the earth. So that's exactly what happens here. God gives Satan the key to the abyss
-
and he unleashes these demonic forces upon the earth and it's going to last during the
-
entire church age, the entire time between Christ's ascension and his return. Notice
-
what it says here, this smoke, it's very interesting. The smoke rises up and causes darkness. It
-
causes the sun to go dark and people are having a hard time seeing. Since we're talking about
-
spiritual matters here because we need to understand that the locusts that are going
-
to be described here, they're not literal locusts and we know that based on their description.
-
They've got human faces, they've got manes like horses, they've got armors. They're
-
not literal locusts. It's symbolic. It's a picture and we're going to get into that
-
in a little bit. We're talking about spiritual matters here. You have the realm of the demonic
-
releasing demons. That's what the locusts are. They are demons and they are inflicting
-
some sort of spiritual pain, some sort of spiritual torment into the world. When we're
-
talking about this smoke that rises up, you have to understand it's saying, think about
-
it as a picture book. You've got the gates of this abyss opening. Smoke is going throughout
-
the whole earth in such a way that things are darkened. But if this is a spiritual matter,
-
it's referring to spiritual darkness. In other words, when Satan releases the demons into
-
the earth, they are going to make it such that people are kept in spiritual darkness.
-
That's the smoke that's rising up here. That's actually confirmed in other places in scripture.
-
In 2 Corinthians 4-4, the Bible says of unbelievers, in their case, the God of this world has blinded
-
the minds of unbelievers to keep them from seeing the light of the gospel of the glory
-
of Christ, who is the image of God. So they are blinded from seeing the light of God because
-
they are kept in this darkness because the smoke has risen. You know this, if you've
-
ever been at a campfire or a bonfire and the fire got out of hand and there's a whole
-
bunch of smoke, you know you have a hard time seeing it. It stings your eyes. You can't
-
really open them or anything. You can't really see anything, especially if the room gets super
-
smoky. It's hard to see. That's what the Bible is saying here. That this world and
-
the people in this world, their eyes, their spiritual eyes, it's like they have smoke
-
in them. They can't see. Their eyes have been darkened and they aren't able to understand
-
the gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ. They're not able to see His beauty in the light of
-
the gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ because Satan and the demonic forces have darkened
-
them. They've blinded their eyes to keep them in that state of spiritual darkness. That's
-
the image that's being portrayed here. And notice that it gets even worse in verses 3-6.
-
This is what the Bible says. Then from the smoke came locusts on earth and they were
-
given power like the power of scorpions of the earth. They were told not to harm the
-
grass of the earth or any green plant or any tree, but only those people who do not have
-
the seal of God on their foreheads. They were allowed to torment them for five months, but
-
not to kill them. And their torment was like the torment of a scorpion when it stings someone.
-
And in those days, people will seek death and will not find it. They will long to die,
-
but death will flee from them. That's a pretty grim picture of the night. I mean, that's
-
what it's literally describing as these demons are unleashed into the world. And again, the
-
locusts, they aren't literal locusts. They are demons. But the reason they're described
-
as locusts is because that is a very fitting picture because locusts are a destructive
-
animal. Are they not? They're a very destructive beast. And particularly, they're destructive
-
to what? Anybody know what they eat? Crops, right? Fields that are ready for harvest.
-
And so it's a very fitting picture, right? It's amazing because Jesus, he looked out
-
and he said, wow, the fields are what? Right for harvest. If only we had what? Some labors.
-
So Jesus looks out at the world and says, man, what a harvest. This is great. If only
-
we had some labors. So it makes sense that those who are opposed to God and His kingdom
-
and His ways would be described as the very animal who destroy harvest. Does that make
-
sense to you? It's very, it's very clever. You describe them as this beast, this animal
-
that is known to destroy a harvest. So God's plan is for His people to go out in the world
-
and to be the labors in the field and reap the harvest that's ready. But at the same
-
time, Satan has his plan. And Satan says, I've got my own army and I'm going to get
-
to the harvest fields before you can. And my army is going to destroy all the potential
-
harvest that there was going to be. That's why they're described as locusts here. And
-
you learn that these are the demons that are coming from this place and they're this destructive
-
force that are working against God's plans and they keep people in this spiritual darkness
-
and destroy the potential harvest. But what's interesting is they're not like the locusts
-
in the plague in Egypt. You remember in the eighth plague, it said that the locusts ate
-
all the green grass and all the shrubs and nothing green was left in all of Egypt. What's
-
different about this? Yeah, they're specifically told don't touch anything green. So in Egypt,
-
everything green. Here, nothing green. Instead, it's actually a lot scarier. They focus specifically
-
on people. They don't touch the grass. They harm the people. And they are harming specifically
-
people who what? Not believers. They don't have the seal of God on their forehead. Now,
-
you remember we said this a few weeks ago, but in the first century, masters would brand
-
their slaves with their own name on the forehead. And so if you were to see a slave, they had
-
their master's name branded here and it was a way of showing ownership. You looked at
-
that guy, you knew who he belonged to. Well, that's why it says in the Bible that God puts
-
his seal on our forehead. It's metaphorical. It's not literal. We're not walking around
-
with a big old seal on our forehead, but God seals us with his Holy Spirit. And that's
-
to show ownership so that when we are in the world, as people are supposed to be able to
-
look at us as if we did have a seal on our forehead and go, that's a Christian. I know
-
it without a shadow of a doubt. I can clearly see the fruit of the spirit in their life.
-
That's how obvious it should be to the whole world that we are believers. It should be
-
like we have a big old stamp right there on our forehead. Is that always the case? No,
-
it's not, unfortunately, but that's how it should be. And so that's why it's talking
-
about here. The people know that we belong to God because we've been sealed. And as
-
his sealed people, the Locust Demon Army does not touch us. They do not harm us in the way
-
that they're going to inflict torment on unbelievers. So those who have not been sealed
-
by God, those who do not have the indwelling of the Holy Spirit, those who do not belong
-
to God, but actually belong to the kingdom of darkness, they are going to suffer the
-
torment of the Locust Demons. And it says here that they are allowed to torment but not kill
-
them for five months. What's the question here? Why five months, right? Seems very specific.
-
So why five months? Anybody have any suggestions? About five months. Approximately. So yeah,
-
there are two things at play here. Very, very good, Michael. Two things at play here. Average
-
lifespan of a Locust about five months. So they're tormenting for their entire existence
-
is what that's saying. But also the dry season in this area lasted about five months. And
-
that's when the Locusts would actually strike and go after the harvest fields. It was odd
-
for a swarm of Locusts to be active during the entire five months. Normally they'd hit
-
a spot or two and then kind of be done. But this swarm of demons is active the whole time.
-
So with five months, it's literally just two ways, like two different ways or one way of
-
saying two different things or the same thing. I'll get my words. You can interpret it two
-
different ways, but at the end of the day, it means the exact same thing. They are tormenting
-
for their entire existence. For as long as they are allowed to exist, they are tormenting
-
here on the earth. And so the Bible goes on to describe the type of torment and says it's
-
like a scorpion's thing. Have you ever been stung by a scorpion? No, me neither. So I
-
don't exactly know what it's like, but what we need to understand as it's going to go
-
on to describe here is that the torment of the demons is not physically. That would be
-
easier. The torment of the demons is mental, spiritual, and psychological. And you see
-
that people are in anguish. It says that the unbelieving world is so distraught and in
-
anguish due to the torment of the demons that they desire death, but it escapes them. It's
-
the Bible's way of saying that the demons from the abyss, they create this culture of
-
death on earth. They create this atmosphere in which people long for death. People make
-
this idol out of death almost and even promote death and they make light of death. And I
-
was thinking about this and thinking about how many people this affects today. I mean,
-
you have people who are suffering mental illness and this isn't just exclusive to unbelievers.
-
I mean, believers can suffer in this way too. But for the unbeliever who is suffering in
-
this way, they think about death. They long for death. They might even make a plan for
-
suicide, but so many of them don't actually go through with it. Death escapes them. It
-
eludes them. Why? Because they're actually afraid of death. If you pull all the nations
-
in the world, the number one, most biggest fear is always what? Death. Everybody is afraid
-
of death, especially as an unbeliever. Believers have no fear of death, right? We might fear
-
dying, but death, not a big deal for the believer. But unbelievers are terrified of death because
-
they cannot say for certain what comes next. And so you live in this world in which they
-
are psychologically tormented. There's mental illness. There's depression. There's all
-
sorts of twisted thoughts. They are longing for death. They want to commit suicide, but
-
it escapes them because they are afraid of death itself. And that's their existence.
-
That's the world in which they live. I want you to think for a moment about the world
-
that's describing because it sounds a lot like our world, does it not? I mean, are we
-
not living in a culture of death right now? Look at the rise in abortion rates. Look at
-
the rise of people who were pro-physician assisted suicide. I even saw where a Japanese
-
company was inventing a suicide chamber where a person can literally go in and they would
-
press a button and I think it filled with nitrogen. And so you would start to breathe
-
the nitrogen and you wouldn't really notice anything, but you would just slowly begin
-
to fall asleep and then die. And it was for anybody who just wanted to come in in their
-
life. And that's the culture that we live in, where we're creating instruments of death
-
to escape this life. I mean, think about how death is downplayed all the time now. I mean,
-
we're so used to it from movies and TV shows and video games that we don't even think anything
-
about it anymore. It's a culture of death that we're living in and then you see these
-
other effects as well. Because notice this, our world is becoming increasingly more spiritual,
-
but unfortunately not more biblical. And that's an issue, is it not? I mean, people want to
-
say that spirituality is dead, but it is not. It is alive and well in our world today. Everybody
-
is spiritual. They're just not biblical. That's why people are more willing to believe in good
-
vibes than pray to a sovereign God of the whole universe. They believe that something
-
like that exists. That's why they go into all this sort of like mantras and crystals
-
and meditations of various kinds and zodiac signs and horoscopes and all this kind. They
-
have all this spirituality, but no one is willing to seek spirituality in Christ. There's
-
no biblical aspect to this at all. You also see people twisting all of God's ways and
-
all of God's decrees. And what I want you to understand, when you see this picture of
-
Satan releasing these demons into the world and they are causing this spiritual and mental
-
and psychological torment where they are literally darkening the minds of unbelievers and blinding
-
them from seeing the truth of the gospel, you have to understand the Bible wants us
-
to view the world in the way in which Revelation describes it. Because so often we're looking
-
for a literal locus and the effect of the locus is right in front of us. And God's saying,
-
what are you doing? You're looking for a little flying bug with wings and it's happening
-
right in front of you. Look at the effects all around you. But we don't see the world
-
that way. We've got to learn to see the world as Revelation describes it. So for instance,
-
let me give you an example. When you see a gay pride parade or you see people marching
-
for abortion rights and people marching for the right to murder babies all the way up
-
to the moment of birth for any reason whatsoever. When you see something like that, you know
-
what that looks like according to Revelation? It looks like rising smoke from the abyss that
-
darkens understanding and blinds people to truth. It looks like a swarm of locusts descending
-
upon the earth to promote the kingdom of darkness and keep people out of the kingdom of light.
-
That's exactly what that looks like according to the book of Revelation. When you hear about
-
and see the absolutely mind blowing number of young people who are so mentally confused
-
that they actually believe they are a different gender than the one they were born with. And
-
you see the confusion that arises today from the gender crisis in our world. What are you
-
looking at according to Revelation? You're looking at the smoke of the abyss that is
-
darkened minds and continues to keep people in darkness. Isn't it amazing that this is
-
increasing now exactly how Revelation said it would? As we get closer to the end, this
-
kind of stuff is going to intensify because at no other point in human history have we
-
ever had a gender crisis like this, right? Shouldn't that raise a couple red flags? Everybody's
-
saying, well, it's so natural today. People were just not open to it back then. No, something
-
is going on. There's a spiritual warfare at play here because you don't read about anyone
-
in the 17th century, 16th century, 15th, anything like that of people saying, hey, I'm actually
-
a girl. I was just born with a boy's body. That didn't exist. The reason it exists today
-
is because the locusts have descended upon the earth and they are increasing in their
-
number. They're increasing their expansion. They're darkening the minds. The smoke is
-
blinding people to spiritual truths. I mean, if you'll another example, when you hear and
-
see prosperity teachers preaching a false gospel and you see them leading people astray, when
-
you see them praying on the harvest, the literal harvest, here are people who come to church
-
and you see these prosperity preachers praying on the harvest. What are you looking at? You're
-
looking at a swarm of locusts who are here to do the bidding of Satan and further the
-
kingdom of darkness rather than serving Christ the king and expanding the kingdom of light.
-
That's exactly what you're looking at. That's the world according to Revelation. The demonic
-
forces that have been unleashed on our world are terrifying and the consequences and effects
-
of their efforts are horrific. But all of this should just make us all the more thankful
-
for Jesus, should it not? When you read about what's going on here in this scene as scary
-
as it is, we who have turned from our sins and trusted in Christ, who have received the
-
indwelling presence of God by His Holy Spirit and have been sealed by the Holy Spirit, we
-
will never have to suffer the effects of this swarm of demons. That's good news for us.
-
Is it not? They're only allowed to touch the unbelievers because God has sworn to watch
-
over us and protect us. I'm reminded of the night that Jesus was betrayed when He looked
-
at Peter and He said, Peter, Satan demanded your life. Imagine Jesus saying that to you.
-
Would that not be the most terrifying thing you'd ever heard? I'd be thinking Satan knows
-
who I am. Are you kidding me? Satan demanded your life. And Jesus says, but I have prayed
-
for you. It doesn't matter that Satan demanded it because Jesus prayed for it. He intervened.
-
He protects His people. He watches over His people. And we're not Peter, but we know that
-
Jesus is our intercessor and our mediator, and He intervenes for us. He prays for us.
-
He is before the Father making intercession for His people even right now. So yes, demonic
-
forces, they're going to seek to oppress us, right? You'll never be possessed by a demon,
-
but you could be oppressed by a demon. They will oppress us. They will tempt us. They
-
will seek to thwart God's plan and prevent His kingdom from expanding. We also know
-
who wins. I read the end of the book. I know. Spoiler alert. Our whole series is called
-
The Triumph of the Lamb. Jesus will have the victory. And as His people, we will stand
-
in victory with Him. And so we need not fear this swarm of demons because Christ is more
-
powerful than all the forces of the Abyss. Amen?
-
It's to be a parallel, I think, or at least an antithesis to the plagues in Egypt because
-
in the plague in Egypt, they were only allowed to eat the grass and the green things, but
-
not touch the people. But here is showing, hey, you thought that plague was bad in Egypt.
-
That was just a picture of judgment in history. But wait till you get to this because they
-
won't be touching grass then. They're going to be touching only people. So I think that's
-
probably, but it also could have to do with the first four trumpets. The grass was affected
-
and burned up and things like that. And so I think it was trumpet one, maybe, where all
-
the, yeah, so in the first trumpet when it blows, all the grass and the trees were burned
-
up or at least a third of them were. And so there's probably not much left at that point
-
anyway. Yeah. Yeah, that's exactly right. That's a great point, Michael. Yeah, Satan
-
doesn't care about grass. He cares about people. That sounds odd to say. Satan does not care
-
about people. Satan wants, yeah, we get what you, right, right. No, Satan does not care
-
about people. He wants to keep people from God. So, yeah. We'll get to that next week.
-
But yeah, no, no, you can ask your question now if you'd like. Yeah, we'll talk about
-
this more next week, but just kind of to give you a brief answer is it's apocalyptic literature.
-
So the language is highly symbolic and under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, John is
-
trying to describe what he sees using language that's not necessarily weightier, but that
-
contains more than just a simple description. So you're going to read about how like they've
-
got names like women's hair, you know, type thing when locusts only have antennas and
-
they are like horses that are stampeding. They've got faces like people. And I think
-
it's meant to give us the idea that these demons that have been unleashed in the world
-
could be anybody. Looks like a person has nice hair. Like, because, you know, movies
-
and TV shows, they always depict like Satan and the demons are red. They've got these
-
horns and they've got this fork tail and all this kind of stuff. And it's like, well,
-
that's not actually they come as an angel of light. So I'm not convinced Kenneth Copeland
-
is not a demon. Just putting that out there for you. I don't know if I'm still recording,
-
but thanks, thanks, Jordan. I don't know where recording that'll get taken down or
-
we'll get sued and he's got more money than almost God himself. So, but I'm not convinced
-
he's not a demon. I mean, Joseph and I and Jordan and I, we've talked about this. There
-
have been some videos that have surfaced that are just and you see that he's promoting
-
a kingdom of darkness. He's a prosperity teacher. And so I think when you have a description
-
where it's like, hey, it's a locust, but it's also it kind of looks like a person and they've
-
got nice hair, but they sound like a stampeding army. It's meant to draw us again to the effect.
-
Why is it a locust? Because locusts are destroyer. They're here to reap the harvest before the
-
disciples. Why does it sound like horses? Because there's so many of them and they are
-
unleashed in our world. Why the human faces and the hair? Because it could be anyone and
-
they aren't these ugly, twisted red things. They could have nice glossy hair. It looks
-
like they've just conditioned it like you just don't know who it is or who it could
-
be, but you know that they're present and you know them by the effect, not what they
-
look like. So I think that's why there's a very description there. I could be wrong.
-
Again, it's revelation, so we're free to come to different conclusions, but I think that's
-
maybe one of the reasons. Alright, Joseph, how about you close this in
-
and open alleys?